All existence âin this worldâ is described in terms of the first three. And they are all conditional; each is born due to the presence of a cause. If there is no cause, none of these three will arise. That is the fundamental cause and effect (Paáčicca SamuppÄda) in Buddha Dhamma.
Causes are numerous, but the root causes are six: greed, hate, ignorance, non-greed, non-hate, and non-ignorance.
2. NibbÄna results with the removal of the three roots of greed, hate, and ignorance (rÄgakkhyĆ, dĆsakkhayĆ, mĆhakkhayĆ NibbÄnam).
It is necessary to first cultivate the three moral roots, non-greed, non-hate, and non-ignorance, while in the mundane eightfold path. That allows one to comprehend Tilakkhana (anicca, dukkha, anatta) and start on the Noble Eightfold Path; see "Buddha Dhamma â In a Chart."
Since it does not arise due to causes, NibbÄna is permanent.
3. The citta arise and decay at a fast rate: billions of citta can arise and pass away each second. But as we will see in the Abhidhamma section, "active thoughts" occur relatively infrequently in "fast bursts" or citta vithi. CÄtasika is âembeddedâ in each citta. There are 89 types of cittÄ in all and 52 types of cÄtasikas; see "Tables and Summaries." Thus the mental realm is very complicated.
4. Matter (rĆ«pa) constitutes 28 basic units, of which only four are fundamental. However, the smallest indivisible unit of matter is called a "suddhÄáčáčhaka"; see "Rupa - Generation Mechanisms" and "The Origin of Matter â Suddhashtaka." SuddhÄáčáčhaka has very long lifetimes of a mahÄ kappa (basically the age of the universe). A suddhÄáčáčhakais the building block of any "tangible thing" in this world.
Any saáč kata in âthis worldâ is subject to change. Each saáč kata (basically any material thing) has a lifetime that could be shorter than a second or as long as billions of years (for a star, for example).
5. Many people confuse "udayavaya" or "formation and the breakup of a saáč kata" means anything, including suddhÄáčáčhaka, is perpetually in flux. They try to tie this with "impermanence,"  which they incorrectly translate anicca to be.  In the contrary, a suddhÄáčáčhakahas a very long lifetime.
It is only those "composites" such as humans, animals, trees, etc. that undergo decay and death at time scales that are discernible to us; a gold bar does not decay for a very long time; see, "Does any Object (Rupa) Last only 17 Thought Moments?".
6. The "result" of this udayavaya nature of all saáč kata embedded in the Three Characteristics of "this world": anicca, dukkha, and anatta. But anicca is NOT impermanence, and anatta is NOT "no-self"; see, "Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta - Wrong Interpretations."
Briefly, (i) it is not possible to find AND maintain happiness in anything in "this world." (ii) Because of that, we become distraught and suffer, and (iii). Thus, one becomes helpless (not in control). It is essential to realize that these are characteristics of not just this life, but our beginning-less rebirth process in "this wider world" of 31 realms described below.
Even though gold bars are virtually permanent relative to our lifetimes, we still cannot "maintain it to our satisfaction." That is because we have to leave it (and anything else) behind when we die.
And all this is due to "udayavaya" of saáč kata, all that we experience.
7. Therefore, there is NOTHING "in this worldâ that is permanent (except "nÄma gotta"; see below). Everything is constantly changing. That is why nothing in âthis worldâ will meet oneâs expectations; see, "Second Law of Thermodynamics is Part of Anicca!".
Some things can last longer than others, but nothing is permanent. Anything is CONDITIONAL, i.e., arises due to causes. It would not come to existence in the absence of root causes. Thus it is said that everything âin this worldâ is CONDITIONED.
The only exception is "nÄma gotta," which are the permanent records of a given "lifestream"; see "Recent Evidence for Unbroken Memory Records (HSAM)." That is how one with abhiĂ±Ă±Ä powers can go back and look at one's past lives; some children can recall their past lives too. That record is permanent.
8. This world ofcitta, cÄtasika and rĆ«pa is very complicated. Living beings can be born in 31 realms, out of which we can "see" only two realms: human and animal.
Think about the fact that all biological matter arises from just four bases of DNA, and all computer codes are based on two units, 0 and 1. Thus, one can see how complex the mind is when 89 types of cittÄ and 52 types of cÄtasikas involved!
9.NibbÄna, in contrast to citta, cÄtasika, and rĆ«pa, is UNCONDITIONED. NibbÄna attained by removing all root causes. Thus, NibbÄna itself is permanent and does not arise due to root causes.
NibbÄna is attained at four steps or stages: Stream Entry (SĆtapanna), Once-Returner (SakadÄgÄmi), Non-Returner (AnÄgÄmi),Arahant.
At each stage, bad "character/habits" or "gati" (pronounced "gati") that could result in births in some realms are âremovedâ; see, "Gati, Bhava, and JÄti." For example, at the SĆtapanna stage, hateful gati suitable for beings inniraya, greedy gati suitable for petas (hungry ghosts), etc., are removed.
All causes (and all "gati") were removed at theArahant stage. However, Arahant lives as a normal human being until death and is not reborn anywhere in âthis world.â Let us first examine what the Buddha meant by âthis worldâ in the next section.
Thirty-one Planes of Existence
Here is a video from Carl Sagan to get an idea of how vast our "detectable universe" is:
The âworldviewâ of the Buddha is not merely about the living beings on this planet. Our Solar system is one of infinite âworld systemsâ (planetary systems). In EACH planetary system with life (scientists have not found even one yet, but they are out there!), there are 31 âplanes of existence.â As we find out below, we can âseeâ only two realms: our human and animal realms. Thus our âworldâ is much more complicated than even present-day science believes.
As some of you may already know, science cannot account for 95% of the mass of the universe, which they label âdark energyâ and âdark matterâ; see "The 4 Percent Universe" by Richard Panek (2011), or do a Google search on "dark energy and dark matter". That is why I say that the Buddha transcended âthis worldâ; see "Power of the Human Mind â introduction." He was able to âseeâ the whole of existence: see âGodelâs Incompleteness Theoremâ under âDhamma and Science.â
A being in a given plane of existence is reborn in any of the 31 realms at death. That happens instantaneously, and evidence for such a mechanism slowly emerges from quantum mechanics; see "Quantum Entanglement - Â We are all Connected."
The Buddha has described these different realms of existence in many suttÄ, and a convenient summary is at: "31 Realms of Existence". For a detailed discussion, see "31 Realms Associated with the Earth". In the following, I will use a visual to simplify things and provide a simple description ofNibbÄna with respect to this "wider world of existence."
Imagine a sphere with 31 shells, with a small sphere in the middle. Thus the total volume of the big sphere is filled by the center sphere and surrounding shells. The 31 sections represent the 31 planes of existence. I emphasize that this is just a visual. The reality is different. For example, animal and human realms co-exist. Also, both time and space are infinite.
1. The inner 11 shells represent the kÄma lĆka, where all five physical sense faculties are present.
The innermost sphere represents the niraya (hell), where there is non-stop suffering; next is the animal realm. There are two more realms where suffering is higher than in the human plane.
The human plane is the fifth shell. That is the last realm where greed, hate, and ignorance prevail. However, this is unique in the sense that humans can also get rid of all those three and attain NibbÄna.
The sixth through eleventh shells represent the realms of the devÄ (wrongly translated as gods by many). Devas do not have dense bodies with flesh and blood; thus, they do not have physical ailments. They do not generate greedy thoughts.
2.  The next 16 shells represent realms where only two physical sense faculties (eye and ear) are active, in addition to the mind. These beings have very fine bodies, even less dense than dÄvÄ. These are called rĆ«pa lĆkÄ.
3. The last four shells represent the arĆ«pa lĆkÄ, where beings have ultra-fine bodies and only the mind faculty; they do not have physical senses.
4. In rĆ«pa and arĆ«pa lĆkÄ, living beings are in jhÄnic states, and those beings do not have either greed or hate, but they still have ignorance.
The 16 realms in therĆ«pa lĆka correspond to the four lower jhÄnÄ, and the four realms in the arĆ«pa lĆka correspond to the four higher jhÄnÄ.
5. Now, many of you may be thinking, "How do I know all this is true? Is there any evidence?". There are a lot of things we do not know about "this world." We cannot rely on our senses or even science to verify/confirm these; see "Wrong Views (Micca Diáčáčhi) â A Simpler Analysis" and "Dhamma and Science."
Only within the last 50 years or so that science has accepted that our universe has more than a few galaxies (now science has confirmed that there are billions of galaxies!).
Furthermore, the newest findings (yet unconfirmed) in string theory indicate that we live in a 10-dimensional world (of course, we cannot see the other spatial dimensions), not a 3-dimensional world. For a fun look at different spatial dimensions, see "What Happens in Other Dimensions."
6. Any living being (including each of us) has been in all realms in this beginning-less saáčsÄra (or samsÄra). We have been in the niraya (hell), and we have been at the highest (except the five pure abodes in rĆ«pa lĆka, which can be accessed only by AnÄgÄmi or Non-Returners).
7. Above the human realm is relatively less suffering (except at death, which is inevitable). However, without achieving at least the Stream Entry (SĆtapanna) stage, even a living being in the highest plane can fall to any lower level. Therefore, a normal human is bound to end up in the niraya (hell) at some point; once there, one will spend a long agonizing time there and eventually come out. Each of us has done this many times over. The cause of births in different realms is explained in terms of âkamma seedsâ; see "Saáč khÄra, Kamma, Kamma BÄ«ja, Kamma Vipaka").
8. So, each living being moves from one realm to another but spends the most time in the four lower worlds, mainly because it is hard to come out once fallen there. This âsaáčsÄric wanderingâ is a critical point to think about and comprehend.
9. As one moves away from the center, the level of suffering decreases, and mundane pleasure increases up to the 11th realm. After that, in therĆ«pa and arĆ«pa lĆkÄ it is mainly the jhÄnic pleasures, not the sense pleasures; see, "Three Kinds of Happiness - What is Niramisa Sukha?".
10. The human and animal realms are the only ones where a being is born to parents. In all other realms, living beings are born instantaneously, formed fully, within an instant (cittakkhana) of dying in the previous life. That is an opapÄtika birth. That is why the Buddha said, "manĆ pubbaáč gamÄ dhammÄ............" The mind is the root cause, not matter.
As discussed in the Abhidhamma section, even humans and animals start their "bhava" opapatically as gandhabbÄ; see "Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)." They begin building a "dense physical body" after entering a womb.
11.  A person who becomes an Arahant or attains NibbÄna will not be reborn in any of these 31 realms. Thus, NibbÄna is not difficult to understand: see "NibbÄna - Is it Difficult to Understand?" and "What are Rupa? Relation to NibbÄna" and other posts (by the way, you can type a keyword in the "Search box" at the top right to get a list of relevant posts).
NibbÄna, in the present model, corresponds to getting out of all 31 shells, out of the giant sphere, and no more rebirth in any of the 31 realms. Â NibbÄna is where the permanent sukha or nirÄmisa sukha, is.
When one attains NibbÄna or Arahanthood, he/she looks just like any other human but has no attachments to worldly things. Until death, an Arahant is subjected to kamma vipÄka. When that kammic power is used up, he dies and is not reborn because he/she will not "willingly grasp" (or "upÄdÄna") any of the possible births.
12. Why are we trapped in the 31 realms? Because we perceive that there is happiness to be had in "this world." We are unaware that there is much suffering in the lower four realms. Many people look at their lives and say, "where is this suffering the Buddha was talking about?": It is the hidden suffering that is there not only in this world but mainly in the lowest four realms. The problem is that it is hard to come back up once fallen there. In those realms - animal realm included - beings are more like robots. They do not have developed minds like humans.
No one or no external force is keeping us in "this world" of 31 realms. Content with sense pleasures, do not see the suffering "in the long term" or even in this life as we get old. Thus we are clinging to everything in this world like an octopus grabbing its prey with all eight legs. And we are not aware that there is a better kind of pleasure in NibbÄna, in detaching from "this world"; see, "Three Kinds of Happiness - What is Niramisa Sukha?". (Also, unless a Buddha comes along, we do not know about the 31 realms and are not aware of the suffering in the lower four realms).
13. Can we taste NibbÄnic âpleasureâ? Yes. We can feel it in increments, even below the Stream Entry (SĆtapanna) stage; see "How to Taste NibbÄna." That is nirÄmisa sukha, the âpleasure of giving up worldly things.â
This nirÄmisa sukha has âquantum jumpsâ (substantial instantaneous changes) at the four stages of NibbÄna: Stream Entry, Once-Returner, Non-Returner, and Arahant. Thus when one is on the Path, one can experience nirÄmisa sukha at varying degrees, all the way to NibbÄnic bliss, during this very lifetime; see, at the end of "The Four Stages in Attaining NibbÄna."
14. All these 31 realms are in our solar system (cakkavÄla or ChakrawÄta in Sinhala). They are associated with the Earth. There are billions of such cakkavÄla (planetary systems) in existence at all times with living beings.
These are in clusters of the small, medium, and large âworld systemsâ (galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters?). But none is permanent. They come into being and eventually perish. Within the past 100 years or so, scientists have confirmed the existence of billions of planetary systems within each galaxy. And there are billions of such galaxies in our universe!
We have been born in almost all of these realms in our saáčsÄric journey that has no traceable beginning.
2. NibbÄna resulta da remoção das trĂȘs raĂzes da ganĂąncia, do Ăłdio e da ignorĂąncia (rÄgakkhyĆ, dĆsakkhayĆ, mĆhakkhayĆ NibbÄna).
Ă necessĂĄrio primeiro cultivar as trĂȘs raĂzes morais â nĂŁo-ganĂąncia, nĂŁo-Ăłdio e nĂŁo-ignorĂąncia â enquanto se estĂĄ no caminho Ăłctuplo mundano. Isso permite compreender Tilakkhaáča (Anicca, Dukkha, AnattÄ) e iniciar-se no Nobre Caminho Ăctuplo; veja âBuddha Dhamma â Em um GrĂĄficoâ.
Qualquer saáč kata neste âmundoâ estĂĄ sujeito a mudanças. Cada saáč kata (basicamente qualquer coisa material) tem uma duração que pode ser menor que um segundo ou tĂŁo longa quanto bilhĂ”es de anos (para uma estrela, por exemplo).
5. Muitas pessoas confundem âudayavayaâ ou âformação e dissolução de um saáč kataâ com a ideia de que tudo, incluindo o SuddhÄáčáčhaka, estĂĄ em constante mudança. Elas tentam associar isso Ă âimpermanĂȘnciaâ, que traduzem incorretamente como Anicca.  Pelo contrĂĄrio, um SuddhÄáčáčhakatem uma vida Ăștil muito longa.
SĂŁo apenas esses âcompostosâ, como seres humanos, animais, ĂĄrvores etc., que sofrem decomposição e morte em escalas de tempo discernĂveis para nĂłs; uma barra de ouro nĂŁo se decompĂ”e por um perĂodo muito longo; veja âAlgum objeto (RĆ«pa) dura apenas 17 momentos de pensamento?â.
Para uma discussĂŁo sobre udayavaya ñÄna, veja âUdayavaya ĂÄnaâ.
Embora as barras de ouro sejam praticamente permanentes em relação Ă s nossas vidas, ainda assim nĂŁo podemos âmantĂȘ-las a nosso contentoâ. Isso porque temos que deixĂĄ-las (e qualquer outra coisa) para trĂĄs quando morremos.
E tudo isso se deve ao âudayavayaâ do saáč kata, tudo o que experimentamos.
Em cada estĂĄgio, os maus âcarĂĄteres/hĂĄbitosâ ou âGatiâ (pronuncia-se âGatiâ) que poderiam resultar em renascimentos em alguns reinos sĂŁo âremovidosâ; veja âGati, Bhava e JÄtiâ. Por exemplo, no estĂĄgio SotÄpanna, as Gati de Ăłdio adequadas para seres emNiraya, as Gati de ganĂąncia adequadas para petas (fantasmas famintos), etc., sĂŁo removidas.
Um ser em um determinado plano de existĂȘncia renasce em qualquer um dos 31 reinos apĂłs a morte. Isso acontece instantaneamente, e evidĂȘncias desse mecanismo surgem lentamente da mecĂąnica quĂąntica; consulte âEntrelacamento QuĂąntico â Estamos todos conectadosâ.
O Buddha descreveu esses diferentes reinos da existĂȘncia em muitos SuttÄ, e um resumo conveniente encontra-se em: â31 Reinos da ExistĂȘnciaâ. Para uma discussĂŁo detalhada, consulte â31 Reinos Associados Ă Terraâ. A seguir, usarei um recurso visual para simplificar as coisas e fornecer uma descrição simples deNibbÄna em relação a este âmundo mais amplo da existĂȘnciaâ.
3. As Ășltimas quatro camadas representam o ArĆ«pa lĆkÄ, onde os seres possuem corpos ultrafinos e apenas a faculdade da mente; eles nĂŁo possuem sentidos fĂsicos.
4. Nos lĆkÄ de RĆ«pa e ArĆ«pa, os seres vivos encontram-se em estados de JhÄna, e esses seres nĂŁo tĂȘm nem ganĂąncia nem Ăłdio, mas ainda possuem ignorĂąncia.
Foi somente nos Ășltimos 50 anos, mais ou menos, que a ciĂȘncia aceitou que nosso universo tem mais do que algumas galĂĄxias (agora a ciĂȘncia confirmou que existem bilhĂ”es de galĂĄxias!).
6. Qualquer ser vivo (incluindo cada um de nĂłs) jĂĄ esteve em todos os reinos neste SaáčsÄra(ou SaáčsÄra) sem inĂcio. JĂĄ estivemos no Niraya (inferno) e jĂĄ estivemos no mais alto (exceto nas cinco moradas puras em RĆ«pa lĆka, que sĂł podem ser acessadas por AnÄgÄmi ou NĂŁo-Retornantes).
Conforme discutido na seção Abhidhamma, mesmo humanos e animais iniciam seu âBhavaâ opapaticamente como Gandhabba; veja âGandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)â. Eles começam a construir um âcorpo fĂsico densoâ apĂłs entrarem no Ăștero.
14. Todos esses 31 reinos estĂŁo em nosso sistema solar (cakkavÄla ou ChakrawÄta em CingalĂȘs). Eles estĂŁo associados Ă Terra. Existem bilhĂ”es desses cakkavÄla (sistemas planetĂĄrios) em existĂȘncia a todo momento, com seres vivos.