Revised July 21, 2021; January 1, 2025
1. These are included in the 37 Factors of Enlightenment; see “37 Factors of Enlightenment”.
2. “Indriya” means leader. When cultivated, an indriya becomes more powerful or “Bala.”
- The five mental faculties (Pañca Indriya) are saddhā (faith), viriya (effort), sati (mindfulness), samādhi (concentration), and paññā (wisdom), and there are five corresponding powers (Pañca Bala).
- Those two sets of five factors are critical in following the Noble Eightfold Path.
- The Pañca Indriya are the “mental” leaders helping with comprehending Dhamma.
- On the other hand, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind are the six sensory faculties (indriya). They are a different type of "indriya." They are leaders in providing access to seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. See "How Do Sense Faculties Become Internal Āyatana?"
3. Let us first discuss the five faculties.
- Saddhā is foremost; without faith (saddhā), one does not have the conviction to follow the Path. However, faith has to be based on wisdom (paññā), i.e., one’s faith is built upon seeing the truth of Buddha Dhamma, at least partially.
- Saddhā comes from "sath" or truth and "dhā" meaning "dhāranaya" or "grasp". Thus, one will have saddhā when one grasps the true nature of this world (Tilakkhana), at least to some extent.
- Blind faith hinders progress since one will be following the wrong path. Furthermore, blind faith will not last long since it is on a shaky foundation. Saddhā of a Sōtapannā is unshakable and will never be lost or even reduced.
Thus, we can see the saddhā and paññā need to progress together.
4. When saddhā and paññā are developed to a certain extent (before the Sōtapannā stage), one realizes the fruitlessness and the dangers of the sansaric journey. Thus, one is motivated to make an effort (viriya).
- Furthermore, one realizes that one needs to be mindful of one’s actions, and thus, sati (mindfulness) starts to build. One realizes that one has to act with yoniso manasikara.
- At the same time, one realizes that when the mind is not calm, one can make bad decisions; thus one starts working on calming the mind and to attain a level of concentration (samādhi). Concentration is not really a good translation for samādhi; one does not need to force concentration; rather samādhi comes about when one takes precautions to not to get into “bad situations”; see, “What is Samadhi? - Three Kinds of Mindfulness”.
5. Different people have the five faculties developed to different degrees (developed in this life AND also carried from previous lives), and normally one could stand out. The Buddha has shown the following way to identify the predominance of different faculties in a person.
- If someone has a relatively more developed saddhā, that person is likely to be peaceful and helpful to others with a kind heart. He/she will have no trouble following the first precept of not harming others.
- Then, some people can easily bear hardships and be determined; they have a developed viriya (effort) indriya. They can easily keep the second precept (not taking what is not given) and be satisfied with what they earn through hard work.
- Those who do not aggressively pursue sense fulfillment have less kāmachanda and are unlikely to have any problems with the third precept. They are likely to have a developed mindfulness (sati) faculty.
- When the samādhi indriya is strong, that person is likely to be quiet and does not like to engage in idle chatter; thus, keeping the fourth precept on the right speech will be easy.
- Someone with paññā (wisdom) can comprehend anicca, dukkha, and anatta easily and thus realize the fruitlessness and dangers of the sansaric journey. This person can keep the fifth hardest precept in controlling the mind; see “The Five Precepts - What the Buddha Meant by Them.”
6. Once one identifies a strong faculty, one should try to exploit that to move forward; the other faculties always pitch in to help, so they will grow, too. It is important to cultivate all five faculties until they become powers (Bala), but one needs to exploit the predominant one.
- If someone tells a child, “This is not your actual Mom; she is somewhere else,” the child will not only refuse to believe that but will run to the mother and give a hug just to show how confident he is. In the same way, saddhā based on paññā can only strengthen one’s resolve.
- For example, when one does not have saddhā, an outside influence can influence one to change course. But if saddhā, built on paññā, is strong, no matter how strong the influence, one’s faith will not be shaken.
- The Buddha gave a simile to understand how indriya can become Bala to overcome difficulties: When a river runs into an obstacle like a large boulder, it splits and goes around it and merges together after the obstacle. But the indriya needs to be strong enough to do that.
- When indriya (faculties) are strengthened, they become Bala (powers).
7. When the faculties are being cultivated, it is essential to balance them while utilizing the predominant faculty's power.
- Some people have paññā and may say, "It is useless to take precepts or chant "Tisarana" or chant/listen to suttā; it is better to learn Dhamma." But those activities do help to open the mind to Dhamma; see "Buddhist Chanting."
- On the other hand, just reciting those verses is not enough. To recite them with understanding, one needs to learn Dhamma and cultivate paññā.
- Normally, saddhā and paññā go together and need to be balanced. Similarly, viriya (effort) and samādhi (concentration) must be balanced. For example, too much effort can be a drawback for samādhi when doing formal meditation. As the Buddha told Sona, the musician, the strings on a violin need to be just right—not too tight and not too loose.
- Sati (mindfulness) must lead and always be there.
- Sati can be compared to the steering wheel of a car; saddhā and paññā can be compared to one set of wheels, and viriya and samādhi can be compared to the other set of wheels. The wheels must be in balance and the steering wheel must be kept at the correct position all the time for the car to go forward. If the wheels are not balanced, the car will go in circles; if the steering wheel is not managed, the vehicle will go off the road.
8. These five (saddhā, viriya, sati, samādhi, paññā) are cetasika (mental factors). They help define one's character (gati) for the better, and these five are important ones to "take in" or "āna" in ānapāna sati.
9. The five faculties exercise control in their respective domains: saddhā in the domain of adhimokkha (decision or resolve), viriya in paggaha (exertion), sati in upatthäna (awareness), samādhi in avikkhepa (non-distraction), and paññā in dassana (view or vision). When they become Bala (powers), they become unshakable by their opposites - indecision, laziness, negligence, agitation, and delusion or ignorance.
- It is important to realize the value of citta pasada (joy) and adhimokkha (resolve) that results from saddhā based on true understanding: adhimokkha is an intermediate step in Kusala-mula Paṭicca Samuppāda on the way to Nibbāna, see, "Kusala-Mula Paṭicca Samuppāda."
- Also, citta pasāda and adhimokkha that arise in doing meritorious acts with joy in the heart are key to optimizing the merits; see "A Simple Way to Enhance Merits (Kusala) and Avoid Demerits (Akusala)," and “Javana of a Citta - The Root of Mental Power".
10. The five indriya become five Bala and are well-balanced only for an Arahant. By cultivating them and trying to keep them balanced, we can reap many benefits even before reaching that ultimate goal.
- Even for an Arahant, there are some leftover "imperfections" even though they are not defilements; these are some "hard-to-get-rid-of" quirks in personal behavior. For example, there is this story about a very young Arahant who had the habit of jumping over puddles instead of going around them; he had been born a monkey for many lives recently and had carried that habit to this life.
- Only a Sammā Sambuddha (like Buddha Gotama) is perfect in every aspect. This is why he is called "Tathāgata" ("tatha" for "what should be" or the "real nature"; pronounced "thathāgatha").